Natural heritage

Guadiana River

With international banks the Guadiana rivers cuts its way through a landscape of hills adorned with rockrose, olive, carob and almond trees, concealing constructions of schist and providing shelter for countless species of fauna and flora.

The «Rio Grande do Sul» links the Alentejo and the Algarve and has two different boarders with Spain.

The river rises in Spain and flows for 810 km, 235 km of which are through Portugal, until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean between the cities of Vila Real de Santo António, on the Portuguese side, and Ayamonte, in Spain. It forms the primary bond between the three Algarve municipalities of the Baixo Guadiana, as well as several streams/riversides, or "ribeiras", as they are called in Portuguese: Odeleite, Beliche, Foupana, Cadavais and Vascão.

In the past, the Guadiana was a sublime river for fishing and for the mining transport. Bateiras and boring mingled with steamships and sailing boats crossed the Guadiana so many times a day... This bustle is over, the S. Domingos Mines are closed, fishermen are becoming less, however some still maintain traditional fishing arts alive.
In this river we can also find the largest artificial lake in Europe, the Alqueva Dam, a huge freshwater dam built for irrigation purposes and water supply.

The conditions along the river for water sports are excellent. To find out more about its secrets, pay a visit to the Museu do Rio (River Museum) in Guerreiros do Rio, where you can learn about the culture of this fishing village.

The Romans called the river "Ana" (which means "duck") and the Arabs added the word "Uádi" (meaning "river"), so the name Guadiana means "Duck River".

Currently, the Guadiana river is a beautiful place near the Lagunas de La Ruidera, in the Spanish province of Albacete. Flows into the Atlantic, near Vila Real de Santo António and Ayamonte (Spain). It is navigable in the last 48 kms, the Pomarão to its mouth where its width varies between 100 and 500 meters. Despite the serenity of their movements and the tranquility of the countryside around the bed of the Guadiana is held in permanent change, allowing you to take on different characteristics and be home to a wide variety of species, due to the encounter of freshwater and salt.

Salt Pans

The Guadiana, the ocean and people have all helped to mould marshlands from which salt pans emerge, a web of channels and reflecting pools that stretch across Castro Marim and VRSA, forming a maritime meadow dotted with gardens of salt.

The salt pans cover 583 hectares of the Reserve. Here, traditional small producers who gather the salt by hand work alongside industrial operators. Salt production keeps step with the changing seasons of the year; the salt pans are prepared in March and the salt is produced and gathered from June to September.

Located within the Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António Marsh Natural Reserve, saline ensure an environment free of pollution, in full harmony with nature (www.icnf.pt).

With about 2,000 hectares, the nature reserve cohabits in symbiosis with the production of traditional sea salt, contributing this decisively to the maintenance of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of high biodiversity having as international warranty statutes assigned protection that attest to their quality environmental:

- Wetland of International Importance (Ramsar Convention)

- Special Protection Area (Birds Directive)

- Natura 2000 network (Habitats Directive)

The salt is produced in Castro Marim nearly 2000 years, introduced by the Romans here who produced the famous "Garum". The production structure has remained over the centuries, at unchanged geographical area, involving the village. Castro Marim holds the largest Portuguese community craft «salt makers».

The water from the Guadiana River estuary to the rhythm of the tides, enters the inland creeks (river arms), flooding the marsh clay lands. The Marnoto (which governs the saline), the tides opens the gate of the saline filling the pond (water reservoir dug into the clay) cold water. Step by step, the Marnoto makes the water circulate the cold water ponds for hot water, gravity and at appropriate times, making the water train for days, decanting naturally and gradually increasing, by evaporation, water salinity . At the end of the waters government cycle the Marnoto takes small amounts of this already saturated water salt to butchers, small "pools" rectangular dug into the clay, where Flor de Sal is harvested with the strainer and where the salt will precipitate the end a few days. The Marnoto then uses the squeegee (wood instrument) to pull the salt out of the butcher, a careful process where their experience is essential to separate the white background of the black salt clay. The salt and salt flower are then dried in the sun and wind before being packaged, ready for consumption.

Throughout this process, machines are not used, or irons, nor fuel, nor chemical! Waste is not produced, no waste! Only tools and wood tools and similar material, the strength of man and nature.

in www.aguamae.pt

Forests

In northeastern municipality of Castro Marim, in Odeleite, where the stone pine is the predominant species, we found the Mata Nacional das Terras da Ordem. The Mata Nacional das Dunas Litorais de VRSA, it´s near the mouth of the Guadiana river and extends it self over 3km to Monte Gordo. Both woods provide a pleasant atmosphere in the outdoor sporting activities.

National Forests, under the direct management of ICNF, hold an important role in nature conservation, to which is added the qualification of the landscape and the availability of spaces for public use in recreational activities related to nature.

Dont forget to observe the following rules when you visit the Matas:

Be discreet, avoiding noise;
Do not damage or crop plants or parts thereof;
Do not disturb the fauna;
Do not throw trash into the ground;
Do not make fire.

Mata Nacional das Terras da Ordem - Odeleite, Castro Marim

It´s located in the northeast of the municipality ofCastro Marim, in Odeleite. The name of this forest area of about 1,366 ha, suggests a religious past associated with the Order of Christ, when it belonged to the Commandery of Alcaidaria Mór de Castro Marim. Eventually the land acquired by the state in the 60s and suffer the first project of afforestation, to recover the fertility of their soil and their water reserves. With the revolution of April 1974 to interrupt the space of this management work, watching to a new intervention from 1982, aimed at not only the hunting land as tree crown cover. Currently, the stone pine is the predominant species in this forest, being however possible to find new plantations with cork oak, pine-Aleppo, cypress, oak and other hardwoods, especially along the water lines, which contribute to the diversification and development of the total forest area. With regard to shrubby, it is typically Mediterranean, characterized by the existence of lavender (Lavandula viridis), gorse (Genista hirsuta), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), rockrose (Cistus ladanifer L.).), Seaweed (Cistus monspeliensis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). The wildlife is characterized by a huge variety of birds, some mammals and reptiles well known. From the point of view of the birds, dominated the warbler of the woods (Sylvia undata), the chickadee-crested (Parus cristatus), the woodpecker-great-spotted (Dendrocops major), the azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana ), the blackbird-black (Monticola solitarius), the bee-eater (Merops apiaster), to -do-lot Lark (Galerida theklae) and the common partridge (Alectoris rufa). In this biotope live mammals such as the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), hare (Lepus capensis), the fox ((Vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). The latter is well noted by the many traces it leaves the mowing trees mud and stoked soils. On the other hand, there is a herpetofauna which make the ladder snake (Elaphe scalaris), the malpolon monspessulanus (Malpolon monspessulanus), the lizard-ocellated (Lacerta lepida), the large psammodromus Iberian (Psammodromus hispanicus ), the sapo-midwife Iberian (Alytes cisternasii), the sapo-runner (Bufo calamita), the salamander-of-protruding ribs (Iberian ribbed newt) and the salamander-of-pints-yellow (Salamandra salamander). Many of these amphibians take advantage of the temporary ponds that form within this ecosystem after heavy rainfall, to mate. Along water bodies we found particular flora and fauna of these wetlands. In terms of fauna have the otter (Lutra Lutra) and a varied water birds such as the gray heron (Ardea cinerea), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), chicken-in-water (Gallinula chloropus), the umbrella rivers (Alcedoatthis), among many others. The flora level there is the common-reed (Arundo dunax), responsible for the presence of dense reeds, willow (Salix sp), the poplar (Populus sp.) And continuous patches of oleander (Nerium oleander) that, unlike other plants, only blooms in late spring, early summer.

Mata Nacional das Dunas Litorais de Vila Real de Sto. António

Located at the mouth of the Guadiana River, stretches along the dune belt between Vila Real de Santo António and Monte Gordo, a distance of about 3 km where you can walk quietly in one of several "paths in the pine forest," noting the environment engaging. It has an area of 434 ha and is occupied mostly by maritime pine, planted in the late nineteenth century, with the aim of fixing the dune sands and protect urban areas. Also holds some localized patches of pine-nut. The National Forest of Vila Real de Santo Antonio Coastal Dunes plays an important role in protecting this region, working as a means of fixing the dune system, controlling the sea winds and harboring wildlife. Note the dune vegetation consists primarily of reversal (Ammophila arenaria), lambs-the-beach (otanthus maritimus), sea thistle (Eryngium maritimum) and narcissus-Marram Grass (Pancratium maritimum). Next to Monte Gordo there is a picnic area where you can relax in the shade of stone pines (Pinus pinea). The forest is home to a large population of chameleon, reptile you have here one of the last strongholds of their natural habitat. It is forbidden to catch, according to the Berne Convention. " Besides Chameleon, other species of animals roam through the forest in search of food, a partner to mate or a place to breed. Among the resident birds, there is the Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), the Merlo-Black (merula Turtus) the Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and the Blue Tit (Paruscae ruleus).

Protected Areas

The Baixo Guadiana brings together an infinite showcase of natural treasures and ancient landscapes for visitors to feast their eyes on. The coastal area features two important wetland areas: the Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e VRSA (Castro Marim and VRSA Marshland Nature Reserve) and the Parque Natural da Ria Formosa (Formosa Estuary Nature Park).

Covering an area of 2,000 hectares, the Reserve lies close to the mouth of the Guadiana, mostly consisting of wetland areas of marshes, saltpans and inlets that constitute a vital habitat for thousands of water birds.

It is understood by nature reserve an area that contains ecological characteristics, geological and that is not inhabited permanently. The classification of a nature reserve aims to protect the existing natural values, ensuring that future generations have the opportunity to enjoy and understand the value of the areas that have remained little changed by human activity.
Among the nine areas classified as nature reserves, is the Sapal de Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António (dates from 1975 and is, in fact, the first AP created after April 25).

The Ria Formosa Nature Park, on the other hand, covers an area of 18,000 hectares, consisting of a narrow strip of land, a line of coastal dunes and a vast central section of marshland and canals. The localities of Manta Rota and Cacela Velha in the Baixo Guadiana constitute the start and finish of this "Natural Wonder". The Ria Formosa has become a favourite resting place for migratory birds and the lagoon is a prime habitat for molluscs and crustaceans, which are greatly appreciated ingredients in the local cuisine.

It is understood by "National Park" an area that mostly contains representative samples of natural areas characteristics of natural and human landscapes, biodiversity elements with scientific, ecological and educational value, aiming at the protection of the natural values and conservation of ecosystems.

Ria Formosa Natural Park

Founded in 1987, a distance of 60 Km along the Algarve coast between Ancão (Loulé) and Manta Rota (Vila Real municipality of Santo António), covers an area of about 18,400 hectares, covering parts of the municipalities of Loulé, Faro, Olhão, Tavira and Vila Real de Santo António. Much of the area corresponds to the Ria Formosa lagoon system, a string of islands and peninsulas sandy arranged parallel to the coast, protecting a lagoon which forms a maze of marshes, canals, mud zone and islets. This cord is fundamentally constituted by the Peninsula Ancão (including incorrectly called "Faro Island"), the islands of Barreta, Deserta, Farol-Culatra (where the lighthouse of Santa Maria and the fishing village of Culatra, compared to Olhão), islands of Armona, Fuseta, Tavira, Cabanas and finally Cacela Peninsula. The Ramsar Convention has classified the area as Wetland of International Interest. It provides shelter in the winter northern bird species and central Europe as trumpeter duck, curlew, gray plover and common-teal, among others. Park symbol is the common-Cayman, rare species in Portugal there and reproduces exclusively in these lakes Algarve. Flamingo and Eagle round wing, woodcock and kingfishers are other birds that can be observed here. The Ria also has a huge economic importance due to the variety of fish, shellfish and bivalves. Here we cultivate clams, leaving this area about 80% of the total export of the country. The Dorado, sea bass or shrimp Ria abound. The Natural Park of Ria Formosa is headquartered in Olhão. in ICNF

Reserva Natural do Sapal

It´s located near the mouth of the Guadiana River and is one of the most important wetlands in the country. It consists of a web of salt marshes, brackish bodies of water, salt marshes and estuaries and harbors a huge number of animal and floristic species. It is an essential habitat for thousands of waterfowl who find here good conditions for nesting and wintering, justifying their full wetland status of international importance given to it by the Ramsar Convention. The Castro Marim Sapal stands out also as a place of shelter and breeding for numerous species of fish and shellfish, acting as a natural nursery. In addition to the wetland covering about 66% of 2089 ha surface of the protected area, this also includes dry areas of agricultural use and higher elevation areas that already correspond to the slopes of the Algarve hills, with its own animal and plant species. This area was classified as an important natural area by Decree No. 165/75 of 27 March and was the first nature reserve created in the country. In the Castro Marim Castle, and around the village, you can admire up the estuary, marshes, brackish bodies of water, salt marshes, pastures, ponds, props and extensions without vegetation. Currently, salinicultura, fish farming, agriculture and fisheries divide among themselves the essence of the exploitation of natural resources. The Nature Reserve is confused with the marshland that stretches along the Guadiana, between Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António, flat area of low quotas, furrowed by estuaries network to ensure drainage and open salt water. The dominant drab green alinda in the spring with the red with the Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum covers the slopes of salt. The marshes are prime spot for reproduction of fish and shellfish. Castro Marim serves as habitat or simple refuge to large populations of waterfowl, including the stilt Himantopus himantopus and Taylor Recurvirostra avosetta. The white stork Ciconia ciconia stands for the number of occupied nests. Also present summer birds if Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and little tern Sternula albifrons, and wintering, as the black-tailed godwit godwit godwit and the common thorn-apple-Calidris alpina. in ICNF

Flora

A variety of plants adapted to salty soils can be seen growing in the marshland and along the walls of the saltpans. Small cordgrass grows next to the river and estuaries, where it forms dark-green-coloured "meadows". As you approach areas less affected by the tides, you will begin to see other typical marshland species, such as shrubby sea-blite and ice plants.

As you move into the transitional barrocal area and the uplands beyond, the land becomes cloaked in rockrose and various types of trees, including olive, carob, fig and almond, and also mixed clusters of cork oak, maritime pine and stone pine. The shrubby is typically Mediterranean, characterized by the existence of rockrose, rosemary, gorse, montpellier cistus and rosemary.

The strong and secular agricultural tradition in the region of Mediterranean matrix, acquires greater expression in the gardens and hortejos scattered in the mountains, following the main waterways, the meadows and ravines, where the land is more fertile. The vegetable species, grown and harvested in season, still obey the ancient agricultural calendar, as a result of contacts with the Mediterranean civilizations that during antiquity, colonized and shared knowledge with the people of the region.

Carob

The evergreen tree (lasting) also known as Ceratonia siliqua and Gingerbread John, of Mediterranean origin reaches about 10-20 cm tall, short and irregular trunk. The fruit is a pod long, almost black, fleshy and compressed, from 10 to 25cm in length, referred to as carob. The carob tree comes in hot and mild climates along the Mediterranean coast, in dry and rocky soils, mostly limestone. It is thought to be native to the eastern Mediterranean, having been introduced in the Iberian Peninsula by the Arabs. Due to its thickness and hardness was used by jewelers and goldsmiths as weight measurement. The sweet pulp of the fruit has food value and is used as a thickener in the confection of food and medicines. Carob avoids the use of sugar in the manufacture of products and is increasingly an alternative to chocolate because it is rich in vitamins and minerals and contains stimulants such as caffeine and theobromine. The seed represents only 10% of the bean and what remains is the pulp, used in some recipes. Carob flour is obtained by grinding and roasting pod pulp contains on average 48-56% of 18% fiber, 0.2-0.6% fat, 4.5% protein and high calcium content (352 mg / 100 g) and phosphorus. Currently widely used in the manufacture of cakes, carob flour does not alter the original recipes.

Almond Tree

The Almond (Prunus dulcis), also known as almond, coconut or almond-durázio has deciduous (weak), rough trunk and branched, it reaches eight meters in height. The almond tree, native to Asia Minor and North Africa, grew up, since antiquity, around the Mediterranean Sea, living in rocky places, road edges, limits of cultivated fields and farmland. The tree is characterized by its beautiful flowers, white or pale pink, which appear at the beginning of each year, creating a very beautiful setting. The flowers are pink before opening and more pale or white in their maturation, have a diameter ranging between 40 and 50 millimeters. It is gray-green color, with juicy cover enclosing the core known as almond, considered a nut. Of the two varieties of almond resulting two kinds of fruit: bitter almond, containing the prussic acid to which the nuts must their characteristic smell (which is used in medicine and in the liquor of manufacture) and sweet almond, used in confectionery, in the manufacture of oil and lubricants. It is in the months of January and February, cold months, that the landscape of the Baixo Guadiana turns pink -the almond trees bloom, a phenomenon that anticipates the spring and that is typical from Baixo Guadiana pure and natural.

Rockrose

The rockrose (cistus ladanifer L). belongs to the family Cistaceae contains opposite leaves glued to the base, long and narrow, with a trunk that reaches about two meters. The rock rose is an important element of the existing scrubland ecosystems of the Mediterranean climates, especially in non cancareous soils where they are often the dominant species. The flowers are large, with five white petals, sometimes with dark spots at the base and sticky which gives them a brilliant appearance when young and gray color as they age. The leaves have hairs on the underside and are fast growing. The wood is used for firewood and its branches and leaves are burned to cure sausages. The labdanum is used in perfumery, such as perfume fixative. The fruit is a globosa capsule containing numerous seeds.

Fig Tree

Figs are the seed heads of the fig tree that belongs to the family of Moráceas.This species adapts to any soil, but develops better in deep, permeable, requires temperate climate and does not support frost. The fig trees are typically Mediterranean trees. They are fruit highly rich in sugar, fiber, organic acids and minerals like potassium, calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the formation of bones and teeth, prevent mental fatigue and contribute to the normal transmission of nerve impulses. They can be consumed in several forms, fresh or dried. Fresh figs are widely used in the Algarve regional sweets such as full fig, cheese figs or fig Morgado, and jams. They are also a good addition, when adding to dishes of poultry dishes or hunting. Dried figs are usually consumed as an aperitif, alone or stuffed with almonds and walnuts. The area of culture, in Portugal, is 7,127 hectares, and the domestic production of 2,150 tons (INE data, 2005). The areas most representative market are the Algarve, Tras-os-Montes and Torres Novas. The most commercialized varieties are Lampo White, Black Lampo, Vindimo White and Black Vindimo. The sale is done from the beginning of June until the end of September. Source: http://www.observatorioagricola.pt/

Maritime Pine

The maritime pine is a species of pine, originating in Europe and the Mediterranean. It is a tree of medium height, reaching between 20 and 35 meters high. In young trees, the canopy is shaped like a pyramid and adult trees, the canopy is rounded. The trunk of these pines is covered by a thick, rough skin, brown and split. The leaves are persistent and have the form of needles of about 15 cm. It has male and female flowers together on the same footing (monoecious flowering). The tree begins to bloom in February and ends in March. Its fruits, pine cones ripen in late summer of the second year and then release several seeds, known more commonly as pinion. In Portugal, the pines appeared spontaneously on the coast, sandy soils north of Tejo river, where they found good weather. Currently pine is across the country, due to the action of man. The maritime pine is 70% of the planted area of Madeira and 40% of the forest area nationwide.

Stone Pine

The atone-pine is a species of pine, native to the Mediterranean region. This tree is used, from pre-history age, as a food source, due to which produces pine nuts. The stone-pine can reach more than 78 meters high, although generally has between 12 and 20 meters. The tree has a very characteristic umbrella shape. Its trunk is short and wide and has a very large pantry.

Olive Tree

The olive tree (olea europaea) is located throughout the region of Algarve. The olive tree have evolved from the varieties that existed in southern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. Currently there are still in the Algarve, particularly in Tavira, some of the oldest trees in the country, and probably the world. The Algarve Maçanilha is the main variety in the Algarve region and yet it was not recognized its enormous value as a variety of double aptitude (oil and table olives). It can be used both for obtaining oil by its high yield, as for table olives and size due to the size of the fruit. It has a high tolerance to cold, drought and salinity and an average rooting capacity. Productivity is average and alternating. The fruits are little resistant to the detachment, which allows mechanized harvesting. There are other varieties in the region as Verdeal, the Cordovil, the Galician and Cobrançosa. The olive campaign starts in September and ends in December. The highest concentration of olive occurs in barrocal and saw, with special focus on the municipalities of Tavira, São Brás de Alportel, Loulé, Albufeira, Faro, Olhão, Castro Marim and Alcoutim. Source: http://www.sabordosul.pt/

Beaches out of sight...

The dunes and the pine trees form a frame around the fine sandy beaches that stretch as far as the eye can see and the warm water makes the beaches of the Baixo Guadiana a popular choice all year round...

Bathed by the clear, warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Baixo Guadiana coastline boasts 15 km of beautiful beaches for beachgoers to enjoy. Between the Guadiana Estuary and the start of the Ria Formosa lies an unbroken 12km-long stretch of sand, one of the longest in Europe. Thanks to its geographical setting and the influence of unique microclimates, this part of Portugal enjoys the warmest waters in the country. The line of sand dunes separating the beach from the pine groves constitutes a varied ecosystem in terms of flora and fauna.

Venture out along the coast to discover the region's beaches: Praia de Santo António; Praia de Monte Gordo; Praia do Cabeço / Retur; Praia Verde; Praia de Alagoa/Altura; Praia da Manta Rota.

If an oasis in the heart of the Algarve uplands is more your style, then pay a visit to the river beach at Pêgo Fundo in Alcoutim! Gently-flowing water, agreeable temperatures, lifeguard services, disabled access and support infrastructures are on hand.

Manta Rota Beach

This is an extensive beach associated with the village of Manta Rota, which still retains some of its original character as a fishing ground, though today is a major tourist center. This beach sand borders the Ria Formosa lagoon system. The dunes are wide, especially to the east and the west of the village. Less frequented than the neighboring bathing area of Monte Gordo, this beach also offers quiet relaxation, especially the end of the beach. Support and infrastructure: very large and organized parking area. Various support facilities (restaurants and toilets) and is supervised during the bathing season, accessible beach.

Pêgo Fundo River Beach

It's located on the left bank of Cadavais stream, 500 meters from the center of the village of Alcoutim. This is a small beach, but equipped with a wide range of infrastructure and services. In addition to the beach facilities, a bar, toilets, showers, car parking and access adapted for people with reduced mobility, the beach has a picnic area with cover and wooden tables, a geriatric fitness circuit, volleyball court and an area for leisure and sports activities. It is a guarded beach throughout the bathing season, and is also equipped with a first aid station. The water that supplies the beach is from the Alcoutim dam, being renewed daily and reaching, during the summer temperatures of 28 ° C. With an excellent location next to the area of urban expansion and quite close to the existing hotel units.

Santo António Beach

It's a beach located in the the municipality of Vila Real de Santo António, the most eastern Algarve. It is located to the east of Monte Gordo Beach and west of the mouth of the Guadiana river, thus part of the Monte Gordo bay shore, near the Ponta da Areia. Like Monte Gordo Beach nearby, offers warm, calm waters. The beach is accessible by paths through the National Forest of Vila Real de Santo António Coastal dunes or in high season, for a free tourist train available from Vila Real de Santo António Municipality.

Alagoa Beach

Located in Altura, municipality of Castro Marim, it´s a beach with extensive beach and a wide dunes, which is crossed by a network of raised walkways, allowing observe the differentiation of dune vegetation from the sea front to the interior. It is very crowded in the peak of summer. Good water quality and the long sandy beach are its main attractions. Support and infrastructure: restaurants and toilets, surveillance during the bathing season. Affordable beach.

Lota Beach

This beach, with sand out of sight, was once a fish market. The dunes are low and the beach is relatively quiet. Support and infrastructure: organized parking area, restaurants, toilets and surveillance during the bathing season, accessible beach.

Cabeço Beach

It is located in Retur, Castro Marimmunicipality and the beach is part of an area of countryside, where ancient trees, especially olive and cork trees, are gradually giving way to typical coastal dune pine forests. The pine trees form here, closer to the beach, a dense forest. The beach is wide, quiet, safe with warm waters. Support and infrastructure: large and organized parking area, restaurants, toilets and surveillance during the bathing season, accessible beach.

Fábrica Beach

The Fábrica beach, also called beach of Cacela Cacela Velha, is a beach that is located on the western edge of the old Cacela Peninsula, south of the historic village of Cacela Velha. It is integrated in the Ria Formosa Natural Park. It is characterized by its large size, its warm and calm waters during the summer and the beauty of its landscapes. Access is pedestrian, walking a few hundred meters to the west from the beach of Manta Rota and crossing the ford that separates the island opposite to Cacela Velha; alternatively, some tourists choose to ask a fisherman to cross Ria Formosa. During the summer months, some fishermen make regular crossings of the estuary to the factory Beach. Due to the opening of a new bar in 2010, the Cacela Peninsula suffered a reduction in its surface and raised a sandy islet south of the village factory; this small barrier island is located in the renowned beach factory. The beach is located on a barrier island of fine white sand, which forms a physical barrier against the sea advancing and protecting the calm and shallow waters of the Ria Formosa. The dunes are covered by many plant species, allowing their fixation. The landscape is very beautiful; You can glimpse the Bay of Monte Gordo, the church and the fortress of Cacela Velha, Tavira Island, Cabanas Island, elevations in Algarve hills as well as the Cerro de San Miguel. In 2015 it was considered one of the world's best by the Spanish edition of the magazine "Condé Nast Traveler".

Praia Verde

It is a sea beach in the municipality of Castro Marim. Is located between the beach of Alagoa the west and the beach of Cabeço - Retur, and is sheltered by a pine forest. With crystal clear water and white sand, the Praia Verde (Green Beach) is one of the Algarve jewelry. Retains traces of Roman ruins by the sea, from which stands out the Roman well. As equipment and support services this beach has restaurants and bar and rental of marquees during the bathing season. Water quality is monitored monthly during the bathing season. This beach is guarded by maritime delegation is signposted, it has the support of lifeguards and first aid station during the bathing season.

Monte Gordo Beach

Located in Monte Gordo, in the municipality of Vila Real de Santo António. The fishing gear still stands in the west end of the beach. The beach forms a wide bay and has a hot, dry and bright atmosphere, with a calm and warm waters in March In the surrounding area to the beach there is a picnic area under the pine forest. Support and infrastructure: organized parking area, restaurants, toilets and surveillance during the bathing season, accessible beach.

Dams

Sometimes, human intervention can be beneficial, as is the case of the Odeleite and Beliche Dams, where the surprising panoramic views have a hypnotic effect.

The very limited quantities of groundwater and the irregularity of rain in the region have made it necessary to take advantage of surface water. As a result, two dams were built in the inland area of the municipality of Castro Marim for the purpose of providing drinking water. However, they have also had the side benefit of embellishing the landscape with large reflecting pools.

The hydraulic utilization by both dams serves around 800,000 people (250,000 year-round residents and a floating population of 550,000).

Beliche Dam

The Beliceh Dam is located in the municipality of Castro Marim, in Beliche stream being an affluent of the Guadiana river. The construction of the dam was made between 1981 and 1986. It is an earth dam with clay core. Its height is 54 meters, has an area of 99 square kilometers and the total capacity and 48 hm³. The hydraulic utilization of both dams serves about 800,000 inhabitants (250,000 corresponding to the resident population and the floating population 550,000).

Odeleite Dam

It is located in the municipality of Castro Marim, in Odeleite strean section, upstream of the village with the same name. Its watershed covers an area of 352 km². The total capacity is 132 hm³ and the throughput is 113 hm³. The two Dams - Odeleite and Beliche - are connected by a tunnel with a total length of 2950 meters, joining the respective reservoirs and provide water from hydroelectric plants intended for supply to the population and to irrigate the municipalities of Eastern Algarve.

Fauna

From the birds to the hunting species that populate the territory, Baixo Guadiana fauna is diverse, however it´s the birds the one that more visitors brings to the territory.

The Baixo Guadiana is one of the world's top ornithological destinations. The pied avocet, white stork, black-winged stilt, flamingo, bee-eater and purple heron are just a few of the illustrious examples you might spot during your visit! The Baixo Guadiana is one of the most interesting regions in the country for bird watching, with 50 identified hotspots (www.baixoguadiana.com) including the Rede Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (National Network of Protected Areas) and the Natura 2000 Network. We could also mention the Ria Formosa (Formosa Estuary) Nature Park, the Reserva do Sapal de Castro Marim e VRSA (the Castro Marim and VRSA Marshland Nature Reserve, which was the first reserve to be created in Portugal in 1975), the scrublands of the Mata Nacional das Dunas Litorais de VRSA and the Mata Nacional das Terras da Ordem, the River Guadiana and adjacent streams and the Parque Natural do Vale do Guadiana (Guadiana Valley Nature Park). In short, this is a natural paradise that entices hundreds and thousands of bird watchers to make the effort to visit.

Bird Life

In the northern part of the Baixo Guadiana (to the south of the municipality of Mértola and in the municipality of Alcoutim), there is strong possibility that you will see some typical grassland species, such as little bustards, lesser kestrels, and black-bellied sandgrouse. The region is one of the most important in the country for Eurasian eagle-owls and is regularly visited by large diurnal birds of prey, such as the golden eagle. Many different migratory birds nest here, including little ringed plovers, rufous-tailed scrub robins, melodious warblers and, of particular interest, white-rumped swifts, a rare species in Europe. Heading down the Guadiana, on the banks of the Odeleite there is a good chance you will see bee-eaters during the months of April to September, this being the time of year when there is an abundance of the bees that they feed on. As you go even further downriver towards the south, you come to the Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e VRSA (Marshland Nature Reserve), which is one of the most important wetland areas in Portugal (Ramsar Zone and IBA – Important Bird Area). Characterised by extensive marshlands, the inlets, banks of the River Guadiana and salt pans are a prime spot for water birds, whether for nesting, wintering or a resting place during migration. Such is the diversity that over 200 species can be found here over the course of the year, with nesting populations being the easiest to spot. These include white storks, pied avocets, black-winged stilts and stone curlews as well as other very rare species such as the little bustard, the Audouin's gull and the lesser short-toed lark. During migration seasons, you can easily see large flocks of greater flamingos, spoonbills, black-tailed godwits, black-necked grebes, slender-billed gulls and purple herons. Another important wetland area is the Ria Formosa (Formosa Estuary), where some 30,000 birds and 300 species are to be found every year. Indeed, thanks to some of these species, the Ria Formosa is considered to be of importance on a European scale, in similar fashion to the Doñana Park in Spain, where there is an abundance of waders and ducks. The Estuary begins at Ancão Beach in the municipality of Loulé and stretches for 60 km, all the way to the localities of Manta Rota and Cacela Velha in the municipality of VRSA. For ornithology aficionados, the Baixo Guadiana routes are unique places, since the geographical setting close to the Alentejo to the north means that there is a chance of seeing species from both a grassland habitat and the Atlantic coastal strip. The rivers which flow into the ocean, the marshlands and the region's strategic geographical location (sub-tropical latitude), make it ideal for winter migration and lead to the region being a bird-watching paradise.

Algarve Goat

It is a predominant animal in the Northeast and the Southeast Algarve although it also exists in the Alentejo. The Algarve goat resulted from the intersection of Charnequeira Algarve goat with the Alpine Goat Spanish, and inherited this polychrome coat and the dairy potential. It´s a rustic goat that adapts well to the environment where you live, even if harsh. It is a productive, intelligent, gentle, bright brown animal with white spots. This race is simultaneously used for the production of meat and milk. The Algarve goat has a short, white fur, with brown patches of various shades, black or, more rarely black and nuts; the mesh can be well defined or replace by the uneven spread of the brown or black in white coat; infrequently-haired animals appear at the level of broadsides, abdomen, hind limbs and rarely forelimbs They are animals with strong and well upright members. The weight in males varies between 60 to 70 kg; and females between 45 to 55 kg.

Chameleon

In Monte Gordo Mata (Forest), and in small isolated clusters that spread mainly by eastern Algarve, survive the ultimate Portuguese populations of common chameleon. This family of reptiles (Chamaeleonidae) is originally from East Africa, and is thought to have appeared about 60 million years. The world has over 150 species of chameleons (only the island of Madagascar is home to 40%), but only one, the common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleo), occurs in Portugal. Its origin in portugueses land continues to be controversial, although data point to that has been introduced in the pine forests of Monte Gordo and Vila Real de Santo António, around 1920. The common chameleon is a reptile with prehistoric monster looks, mysterious and full of curiosities. Rarely reaches more than 30 cm in length, it´s body is coated by granular scales, and head protruding bony ridges that give it an unusual look and make it unmistakable. It is a diurnal animal, arboreal, who walks slowly and hesitantly, by the branches of trees. Clings firmly to their pentadactyl feet (two toes directed to one side and three to the other, united in two opposable groups that form a kind of tenacious) ending in sharp nails and assists with its prehensile tail, which helps to hold on to the branches. The eyes, situated in inserted conical elevations in their sockets, can move independently and allow a stereoscopic vision, which is of great use in the location of prey (since they can follow with their eyes, even when the body is completely immobile). When they are harassed and feel threatened, their color turns darker, swell the body to appear larger, open their mouths and blow menacingly, but, in fact,they are completely harmless. These eaters of insects (flies, butterflies and grasshoppers, etc.) are ambush predators. Camouflage, patience and raids are the trump cards of this animal. As an arboreal species, requires shrubs such as Retama (a type of broom) and can also be found on the maritime pine and fig trees on-the-pita thorny, also known as "aloes." Most individuals die before the end of the first year of life: they were born in August and after one year has reached sexual maturity and are ready to reproduce. in Revista Super Interessante, nº 149, Setembro 2010

Wild Rabbit

Inserted in the order of lagomorphs (small herbivores much akin to rodents) and Leporidae family, the wild rabbit is an animal of "plump" body, weighing 1 kg to 2 kg, large ears and small white color tail. This species prefers areas where the grass is plentiful, preferring dry, sandy soils, easier to build pits. Its diet consists mainly on herbaceous plants, roots, stems, grains and bark of some trees. It´s an animal of nocturnal habits, although they can be seen during the day. They live in colonies, in large and highly branched galleries. Despite reproducing almost every year, there is a time when reproductive activity is higher (March and April). The gestation period is 28 to 30 days and each female has, on average, two to four litters per year. Each litter is generally two to seven young rabbits, which are born blind, deaf, hairless, weighing about 60 g (duplicate value after two days). The development is very fast, with the hearing aid completely developed to eight days and opening his eyes to ten days.

Hare

Belonging to the same rabbit family, it´s easily distinguished by being higher (measured between 50 to 60 cm) and heavier (2 kg to 5 kg). With hind legs more developed and better equipped for the race, can reach speeds of around 60 km/h and is also a good climber and swimmer. Like its relative, is an animal of noctural activities,however, their habits and social behavior are very different. Solitary lives outside the breeding season in a well-defined territory and "eyespot" either in protected groves or in open terrain, with appropriate vegetation. Typically has three litters per year.The gestation period is 42 to 44 days and litter consists of one or two lebrachos (rarely three), which are born with eyes open and hair, and breast fed up to three weeks. The hare has a separate and very curious feature: it is able to keep alive inside the male's sperm and may be pregnant twice in succession, with one mating. The current population in the Baixo Guadiana is reduced, partly due to the illness of hemorrhagic syndrome hare and the high rate of pedestrian accidents night suffering on the road (at night attracted by the lights of cars Hare becomes an easy target). Image: DR Hypescience

Flamingo

Bird with long legs and neck, Flamingo belongs to Phoenicopteridae family, Phoenicopteriformes order. The largest member of the family is the Phoenicopterus ruber, which is found mainly in Africa, the Caribbean and South America, with rosy plumage and a height of 1.25 m. Examine the mud in search of food with short beak, thick and curved, forming colonies in which individuals make their nests in mud mounds of conical shape, with a small recess for the eggs on top. In Portugal, this species can be observed in large numbers in the autumn months, although birds do not stay here for breeding throughout the year. The Castro Marim marshes, the estuary of the Guadiana, is one of the busiest areas for this species, along with the estuaries of the Tejo and Sado rivers

Boar

Belonging to the Suidae family, the Boar or "javato", the name by which he is known in the area, is the only species in addition to the domestic pig, present throughout Europe. The appearance of the Boar is similar to the domestic pig. It features a sturdy body, covered by dark brown hair hard, strong, short legs, long tail slightly, but not in the form of thread, as its domestic relative. In adult males, stand two large lower canines, known in the area for "gudgeon pins". As for size, females are smaller than males. An adult male can exceed 100 kg. Its adaptability allows him to dwell on the steeper areas of Baixo Guadiana. During the day takes refuge in areas of intense woods such as cistus bushes and dense areas. It has an omnivorous and incredibly varied diet because, although consume large amounts of roots and dry fruits, also eat insects, worms, rodents, reptiles, etc. The evening ritual: remains active from dusk to dawn, resting during the day. The male usually leads a solitary life, while the female stays together with their offspring forming a stick, which occasionally can integrate several family groups. Males and females only come together once a year during the mating season, which takes place between the months of November and December. Every male may cover several females, triggering violent struggles when another male crosses the road. Following pregnancy, which lasts for four months, stop female offspring from two to six depending on the age and weight of the mother. Small suck boars for three to four months. Males leave the group only when the pups are a year old, reaching up 50 km away in search of new females to mate and give thus continue the exchange of genes between populations. In “Baixo Guadiana, Caminhos do Património”, Odiana, 2004

Partidge

It is not unusual to be surprised by a flock of partridges crossing the road in the Baixo Guadiana. This specie, much coveted by hunters, is often the subject of game/hunting management programs. With its galináceo look, the partridgeis almost unmistakable. The plumage is composed of shades of gray, black, white and red. Highlights include the black fringed white throat, the red belly, red beak and red legs. Juveniles are brownish. Very unusual too see the partridge in the coast areas. It occurs mainly in open or sparsely wooded areas, avoiding urbanized areas. It is a resident specie, which can be observed throughout the year in the Baixo Guadiana, especially in Alcoutim.

Oyster

The oyster (ostrea rivularis) is a bivalve mollusc species belonging to Ostreidae family, with one of the flat valves and the concave other, joined together by an elastic ligament. The mantle coating inside the shell protects the inside of the body, including the respiratory, digestive and reproductive organs. Oysters modify the sexual gender annually (or even more often) and females can lay up to a million eggs during one breeding season, which greatly facilitates its inception in nurseries. This species has today a great gastronomic value, according to records, was already known in Roman times. It lies in Ria Formosa, and it´d a fantastic delicacy of the territory. Imagem: DR PUBLICO